{"id":4964,"date":"2024-09-11T08:34:34","date_gmt":"2024-09-11T08:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/?post_type=deinosti&#038;p=4964"},"modified":"2025-11-06T12:43:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T12:43:33","slug":"clean-technologies-energy-systems-2","status":"publish","type":"deinosti","link":"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/en\/deinosti\/clean-technologies-energy-systems-2\/","title":{"rendered":"3.1.4. Clean Technologies to extend the life cycle of energy systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4964\" class=\"elementor elementor-4964\" data-elementor-post-type=\"deinosti\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e530037 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5e530037\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c88fe24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2c88fe24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 26-05-2024 *\/\nbody.elementor-page .elementor-widget-menu-anchor{margin-bottom:0}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"subitieto\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62b24853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62b24853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 26-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About the  group<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759d93de elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759d93de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 26-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Leading researcher<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Prof. DSc (Phys. Chem.) Martin Bojinov<\/p><p><strong>Theme: <\/strong>Experimental and modelling investigation of corrosion and degradation processes of internals in nuclear reactors; Experimental characterization and modelling of flow assisted corrosion and fouling in steam generators of power plants.<\/p><p><strong>Activity 1. Experimental study and modeling of the corrosion processes of internal casing materials in power reactors<\/strong> \u2013 Two types of models will be developed. The first model will be based on the developed generalized quantitative model of the growth of passive oxide films in high-temperature electrolytes, the so-called mixed conductivity model (MCM), taking into account the hydrogenation processes of the materials. For further development, validation and verification of the model, long-term in-situ electrochemical measurements of the growth of oxide layers on in-body materials in simulated heat carriers will be carried out. The model for the transitions between the distinct periods of stable growth will be based on oxide mechanics calculations in order to obtain expressions for the evolution of internal stresses during oxide film growth. The critical values of the basic mechanical and electrochemical characteristics of the oxide at which a transition from one stable growth period to another occurs will be evaluated.<\/p><p><strong>Activity 2. Experimental characterization and modeling of corrosion erosion and sludge deposition processes in steam generators of power plants.<\/strong><\/p><p>Development of an Improved Deterministic Single-Phase flow-assisted corrosion Model via Quantitative Assessment of Particulate and Soluble Iron Input Flux in Steam Generators. Development of an improved deterministic model of sludge formation and consolidation in steam generators. Investigation of the effect of film-forming amines, hydrazine alternatives and dispersants on flow-assisted corrosion and sludge formation. Development of a new version of a predictive deterministic model accounting for the influence of this type of additives. Investigation of the two-phase flow-assisted corrosion by electrochemical methods &#8211; control of the speed of the processes and their products (ions and colloidal particles), definition of the speed-determining stages depending on the materials and the water-chemical regime in the steam generators.<\/p><p><strong>Publications:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, G. Avdeev, <em>Corrosion of stainless steel in simulated nuclear reactor primary coolant \u2013 experiments and modeling<\/em>, <strong>Materials <\/strong>17(2024) 1148 Q2 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17051148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17051148<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion mechanism and electrochemical reactions on Alloy 690 in simulated primary coolant of water-water energy reactors<\/em> <strong>Materials<\/strong> 17(2024) 1846 Q2 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17081846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17081846<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, L. Chang, T. Saario, Z. Que, <em>Corrosion of 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion and powder metallurgy in pressurized water reactor primary coolant<\/em>, <strong>Materialia <\/strong>34 (2024) 102055. Q2 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtla.2024.102055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtla.2024.102055<\/a><\/li><li>S. Goel, M. Bojinov, T.Saario, J. Capek, E. Polatidis, T. Kantonen, A. Salminen, M. Blankenburg, A. Ganvir, Z. Que, <em>Corrosion behavior of laser powder bed fusion manufactured nickel-free stainless steels in high-temperature water<\/em>, <strong>Corrosion Science<\/strong> 239(2024)112410. Q1 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112410<\/a><\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, P. Ferreiros, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A. Mikkelson, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Decomposition products of oxygen scavengers and their effect on corrosion of steam generator materials \u2013 I. Diethyl-hydroxylamine and carbohydrazide<\/em>, <strong>Corrosion Science<\/strong> 240 (2024) 112476 Q1 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112476\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112476<\/a><\/li><li>N. Ivanova, V. Karastoyanov, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Study of ammonia adsorption on magnetite surfaces with molecular dynamics simulations,<\/em> <strong>Molecules <\/strong>29 (2024) 3276 Q1 (Chemistry-miscellaneous) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29143276\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29143276<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, S. Goel, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, T. Saario, <em>Effect of sulfide addition on the corrosion mechanism of copper in saline groundwater solution,<\/em> <strong>Journal of The Electrochemical Society<\/strong> 171(2024) 041505 Q1 (Materials Chemistry) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad3fed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad3fed<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Multi-method characterization of anodic oxidation of a titanium alloy in fluoride-containing electrolytes<\/em>, <strong>Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry<\/strong> 27 (2023) 1835\u20131846. Q2 (Materials Chemistry) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10008-023-05442-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10008-023-05442-9<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, Y. Penkova, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Mechanism of anodic dissolution of tungsten in sulfate-fluoride solutions<\/em>, <strong>Metals<\/strong> 14(2024)1004. Q1 (Metals and Alloys) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met14091004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met14091004<\/a><\/li><li>I. Betova, M. Bojinov, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion of low-alloyed steel in ethanolamine steam generator chemistry \u2013 effect of temperature and flow rate<\/em><em>, <\/em><strong>Molecules 30 (2025) 418 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30020418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30020418<\/a><\/li><li>I. Dimitrova, R. Slavchov, <em>Charge regulation in liquid films stabilized by ionic surfactants: change of adsorption with film thickness and phase transitions,<\/em> <strong>Molecules 30 (2025) 659 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030659<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, N. Ivanova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Effect of temperature and flow rate on erosion-corrosion mechanism of low-alloy steel in simulated steam generator conditions<\/em> <strong>Materials 18(2025) 944 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18050944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18050944<\/a><\/li><li>N. Ivanova, V. Karastoyanov I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Interaction of ethanolamine with magnetite through molecular dynamics simulations,<\/em> <strong>Molecules, 30 (2025) 3197 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30153197\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30153197<\/a><\/li><li>I. Betova, M. Bojinov, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion mechanism of austenitic stainless steel in simulated small modular reactor primary water chemistry<\/em>, <strong>Metals 15 (2025) 875<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met15080875\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met15080875<\/a><\/li><li>Y. Penkova, I. Betova, S. Budeva, V. Karastoyanov, M. Bojinov, <em>Synthesis, modification and characterization of tungsten oxide catalysts for photoelectrochemical water splitting,<\/em> <strong>J. PhotoChem. PhotoBiol. A <\/strong><strong>\u00a0470 (2026) 116665 (Q2), <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.143908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.143908<\/a><\/li><li>S Ojasalo, A Antikainen, S Nandy, V Nurmi, M\u00a0\u00a0 Bojinov, V. Karastoyanov, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta, <em>High temperature corrosion of steels by nitridation in ammonia<\/em>, <strong>Surface and Coating Technology <\/strong>\u2013 to be published<\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion and anodic oxidation of Alloy 690 in simulated primary coolant of a small modular reactor studied by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy<\/em>, <strong>Metals <\/strong>\u2013 to be published<\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, M. Bojinov, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta, S. Goel, Ch. Soundararajan, <em>Electrochemical behavior of duplex and austenitic stainless steels in hot sulfuric and hydrochloric acid<\/em>, <strong>Electrochimica Acta<\/strong> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>Y. Penkova, I. Betova, S. Vasileva, V. Karastoyanov, M. Bojinov, <em>Electrochemically synthesized copper-tungsten oxides as photo-cathodes for light-assisted water splitting<\/em>, <strong>J. PhotoChem. PhotoBiol. A<\/strong> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>A. Toivonen, Ch. Soundararajan, M. Bojinov, P. Pohjanne, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta<em>, Stress corrosion cracking of nickel alloys in anoxic chloride and elemental sulfur containing high-temperature alkaline solutions<\/em> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, P. Ferreiros, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A. Niemel\u00e4, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Decomposition products of oxygen scavengers and their effect on corrosion of steam generator materials \u2013 II. Erythorbic acid and methyl-ethyl-ketoxime<\/em> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, P. Ferreiros, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Long-term interaction of commercial hydrazine alternatives with tube materials in simulated nuclear plant steam generator conditions<\/em> \u00a0\u2013 to be published<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-367f1a64 e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"367f1a64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7fd5f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7fd5f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3709d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"c3709d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f_10-1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"c3709d2\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f_10.jpg\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTMzMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2N0dC51Y3RtLmVkdVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTBcL1x1MDQzM1x1MDQzZVx1MDQzNFx1MDQzOFx1MDQ0OFx1MDQzZFx1MDQzMC1cdTA0M2FcdTA0M2VcdTA0M2RcdTA0NDRcdTA0MzVcdTA0NDBcdTA0MzVcdTA0M2RcdTA0NDZcdTA0MzhcdTA0NGZfMTAtMS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJjMzcwOWQyIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f_10-1.jpg\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"192\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42ed1255 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42ed1255\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9646a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9646a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Leading researcher<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Prof. DSc (Phys. Chem.) Martin Bojinov<\/p><p><strong>Theme: <\/strong>Experimental and modelling investigation of corrosion and degradation processes of internals in nuclear reactors; Experimental characterization and modelling of flow assisted corrosion and fouling in steam generators of power plants.<\/p><p><strong>Activity 1. Experimental study and modeling of the corrosion processes of internal casing materials in power reactors<\/strong> \u2013 Two types of models will be developed. The first model will be based on the developed generalized quantitative model of the growth of passive oxide films in high-temperature electrolytes, the so-called mixed conductivity model (MCM), taking into account the hydrogenation processes of the materials. For further development, validation and verification of the model, long-term in-situ electrochemical measurements of the growth of oxide layers on in-body materials in simulated heat carriers will be carried out. The model for the transitions between the distinct periods of stable growth will be based on oxide mechanics calculations in order to obtain expressions for the evolution of internal stresses during oxide film growth. The critical values of the basic mechanical and electrochemical characteristics of the oxide at which a transition from one stable growth period to another occurs will be evaluated.<\/p><p><strong>Activity 2. Experimental characterization and modeling of corrosion erosion and sludge deposition processes in steam generators of power plants.<\/strong><\/p><p>Development of an Improved Deterministic Single-Phase flow-assisted corrosion Model via Quantitative Assessment of Particulate and Soluble Iron Input Flux in Steam Generators. Development of an improved deterministic model of sludge formation and consolidation in steam generators. Investigation of the effect of film-forming amines, hydrazine alternatives and dispersants on flow-assisted corrosion and sludge formation. Development of a new version of a predictive deterministic model accounting for the influence of this type of additives. Investigation of the two-phase flow-assisted corrosion by electrochemical methods &#8211; control of the speed of the processes and their products (ions and colloidal particles), definition of the speed-determining stages depending on the materials and the water-chemical regime in the steam generators.<\/p><p><strong>Publications:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, G. Avdeev, <em>Corrosion of stainless steel in simulated nuclear reactor primary coolant \u2013 experiments and modeling<\/em>, <strong>Materials <\/strong>17(2024) 1148 Q2 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17051148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17051148<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion mechanism and electrochemical reactions on Alloy 690 in simulated primary coolant of water-water energy reactors<\/em> <strong>Materials<\/strong> 17(2024) 1846 Q2 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17081846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17081846<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, L. Chang, T. Saario, Z. Que, <em>Corrosion of 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion and powder metallurgy in pressurized water reactor primary coolant<\/em>, <strong>Materialia <\/strong>34 (2024) 102055. Q2 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtla.2024.102055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtla.2024.102055<\/a><\/li><li>S. Goel, M. Bojinov, T.Saario, J. Capek, E. Polatidis, T. Kantonen, A. Salminen, M. Blankenburg, A. Ganvir, Z. Que, <em>Corrosion behavior of laser powder bed fusion manufactured nickel-free stainless steels in high-temperature water<\/em>, <strong>Corrosion Science<\/strong> 239(2024)112410. Q1 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112410<\/a><\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, P. Ferreiros, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A. Mikkelson, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Decomposition products of oxygen scavengers and their effect on corrosion of steam generator materials \u2013 I. Diethyl-hydroxylamine and carbohydrazide<\/em>, <strong>Corrosion Science<\/strong> 240 (2024) 112476 Q1 (Materials Science) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112476\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112476<\/a><\/li><li>N. Ivanova, V. Karastoyanov, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Study of ammonia adsorption on magnetite surfaces with molecular dynamics simulations,<\/em> <strong>Molecules <\/strong>29 (2024) 3276 Q1 (Chemistry-miscellaneous) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29143276\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29143276<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, S. Goel, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, T. Saario, <em>Effect of sulfide addition on the corrosion mechanism of copper in saline groundwater solution,<\/em> <strong>Journal of The Electrochemical Society<\/strong> 171(2024) 041505 Q1 (Materials Chemistry) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad3fed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad3fed<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Multi-method characterization of anodic oxidation of a titanium alloy in fluoride-containing electrolytes<\/em>, <strong>Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry<\/strong> 27 (2023) 1835\u20131846. Q2 (Materials Chemistry) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10008-023-05442-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10008-023-05442-9<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, Y. Penkova, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Mechanism of anodic dissolution of tungsten in sulfate-fluoride solutions<\/em>, <strong>Metals<\/strong> 14(2024)1004. Q1 (Metals and Alloys) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met14091004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met14091004<\/a><\/li><li>I. Betova, M. Bojinov, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion of low-alloyed steel in ethanolamine steam generator chemistry \u2013 effect of temperature and flow rate<\/em><em>, <\/em><strong>Molecules 30 (2025) 418 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30020418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30020418<\/a><\/li><li>I. Dimitrova, R. Slavchov, <em>Charge regulation in liquid films stabilized by ionic surfactants: change of adsorption with film thickness and phase transitions,<\/em> <strong>Molecules 30 (2025) 659 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030659<\/a><\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, N. Ivanova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Effect of temperature and flow rate on erosion-corrosion mechanism of low-alloy steel in simulated steam generator conditions<\/em> <strong>Materials 18(2025) 944 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18050944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18050944<\/a><\/li><li>N. Ivanova, V. Karastoyanov I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Interaction of ethanolamine with magnetite through molecular dynamics simulations,<\/em> <strong>Molecules, 30 (2025) 3197 (Q1)<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30153197\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30153197<\/a><\/li><li>I. Betova, M. Bojinov, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion mechanism of austenitic stainless steel in simulated small modular reactor primary water chemistry<\/em>, <strong>Metals 15 (2025) 875<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met15080875\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met15080875<\/a><\/li><li>Y. Penkova, I. Betova, S. Budeva, V. Karastoyanov, M. Bojinov, <em>Synthesis, modification and characterization of tungsten oxide catalysts for photoelectrochemical water splitting,<\/em> <strong>J. PhotoChem. PhotoBiol. A <\/strong><strong>\u00a0470 (2026) 116665 (Q2), <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.143908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.143908<\/a><\/li><li>S Ojasalo, A Antikainen, S Nandy, V Nurmi, M\u00a0\u00a0 Bojinov, V. Karastoyanov, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta, <em>High temperature corrosion of steels by nitridation in ammonia<\/em>, <strong>Surface and Coating Technology <\/strong>\u2013 to be published<\/li><li>M. Bojinov, I. Betova, V. Karastoyanov, <em>Corrosion and anodic oxidation of Alloy 690 in simulated primary coolant of a small modular reactor studied by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy<\/em>, <strong>Metals <\/strong>\u2013 to be published<\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, M. Bojinov, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta, S. Goel, Ch. Soundararajan, <em>Electrochemical behavior of duplex and austenitic stainless steels in hot sulfuric and hydrochloric acid<\/em>, <strong>Electrochimica Acta<\/strong> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>Y. Penkova, I. Betova, S. Vasileva, V. Karastoyanov, M. Bojinov, <em>Electrochemically synthesized copper-tungsten oxides as photo-cathodes for light-assisted water splitting<\/em>, <strong>J. PhotoChem. PhotoBiol. A<\/strong> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>A. Toivonen, Ch. Soundararajan, M. Bojinov, P. Pohjanne, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta<em>, Stress corrosion cracking of nickel alloys in anoxic chloride and elemental sulfur containing high-temperature alkaline solutions<\/em> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, P. Ferreiros, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A. Niemel\u00e4, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Decomposition products of oxygen scavengers and their effect on corrosion of steam generator materials \u2013 II. Erythorbic acid and methyl-ethyl-ketoxime<\/em> \u2013 to be published<\/li><li>K. Sipil\u00e4, P. Ferreiros, T. Ik\u00e4l\u00e4inen, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, <em>Long-term interaction of commercial hydrazine alternatives with tube materials in simulated nuclear plant steam generator conditions<\/em> \u00a0\u2013 to be published<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5610b027 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5610b027\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2033268f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2033268f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49161cba elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"49161cba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"materiali\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36f55d67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36f55d67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Materials<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22e94b e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c22e94b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a0dc02 elementor-view-default elementor-position-top elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3a0dc02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-box.min.css\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0435-\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430-3.1.4.-\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438-\u0437\u0430-\u0443\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435-\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0446\u0438\u043a\u044a\u043b-\u043d\u0430-\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0435-\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430-3.1.4.-\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438-\u0437\u0430-\u0443\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435-\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0446\u0438\u043a\u044a\u043b-\u043d\u0430-\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddec  Presentation Group 3.1.4. Clean Technologies to extend the life cycle of energy systems\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3c8e21 elementor-view-default elementor-position-top elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"f3c8e21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/\u0413\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f_\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430-3.1.4.-\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/\u0413\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f_\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430-3.1.4.-\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddec  Annual Conference Group 3.1.4. 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Clean Technologies to extend the life cycle of energy systems_17.10.24\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7431ed elementor-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a7431ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" 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3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a 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14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a68e96 elementor-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4a68e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" 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0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aedf07d elementor-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"aedf07d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ctt.uctm.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Presentation-3.1.4-Clean-Technologies-091025_compressed.pdf\" 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researcher: Prof. DSc (Phys. Chem.) Martin Bojinov Theme: Experimental and modelling investigation of corrosion and degradation processes of internals in nuclear reactors; Experimental characterization and modelling of flow assisted corrosion and fouling in steam generators of power plants. Activity 1. Experimental study and modeling of the corrosion processes of internal casing [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":4806,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"year-of-conducting":[47],"tip-deinosti":[66],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>3.1.4. 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